Newtown Pippin. Green Newtown Pippin, American Newtown Pippin, Green Winter Pippin, Petersburg Pippin.

American. Native of Newtown, Long Island. It requires a rich limestone clay soil, or a warm, sandy, rich loam, well dressed with lime and bone dust, in order to secure healthy wood, and fair, smooth fruit. On sandy soils, abounding more or less with iron, we have never seen good fruit grown of this variety. It is distinct in fruit from the Yellow Newtown Pippin, for which see further pages ; but it is difficult, if not impossible to detect one from the other by the wood. Growth slender, slow ; as an orchard tree, a fine round head, with branches diverging, pendent. On the rich limestone soils of Ohio, and farther west, this and the Yellow Newtown Pippin succeed, and produce fruit even superior to the world-renowned Pell Orchard.

Fruit, medium ; form, roundish, oblong flattened ; color, dull green when first gathered, becoming, when ripe, a yellowish green ; small minute russet dots, with occasional spots or blotches of russet, and, grown on alluvial soils South, patches of dark green mould : stem, slender ; cavity, acuminate, regular; calyx, small ; basin, deep, abrupt, hollowed, and slightly wrinkled; flesh, greenish white, very fine-grained, juicy, crisp, sprightly, perfumed ; core, compact ; seeds, dark brown, ovate. February to May.

[Additional entry in this volume: "Brooke's Pippin", pp. 132–132]

Brooke's Pippin. A native of Virginia. Large, roundish, inclining to conical, obscurely ribbed, greenish yellow, with a faint blush ; stem, short, rather stout, deep, irregular, russeted cavity ; basin, small, shallow, waved, sometimes furrowed ; seeds, long, slender, acuminate : flesh, crisp, juicy, of fine texture, with a pleasant aroma : " best." Winter ; bearing abundantly every year in localities where the Newtown Pippin, to which it bears some resemblance, does not succeed.

— F.R. Elliott, The Western Fruit Book (1865)

Newtown Pippin.

GREEN NEWTOWN.

This is probably the original Newtown Pippin, but by no means the more common, which is the Yellow Newtown Pippin, to be described in another place.

Fruit medium to large, globular, flattened, sometimes obscurely ribbed ; Surface smooth, green, becoming yellowish green when fully ripe, sometimes bronzy, and always showing white irregular striae near the base when first gathered ; Dots scattered, minute, dark.

Basin shallow, folded ; Eye small, closed.

Cavity wide, wavy, brown ; Stem long, slender.

Core round, regular, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds pointed, plump, dark ; Flesh greenish white, crisp, tender, juicy; Flavor acid, aromatic, rich, very agreeable; Quality best; Use, dessert, cooking; Season, December to March.

[Additional entry in this volume: "Brooke's Pippin", pp. 638–638]

Brooke's Pippin.

"Origin, Essex County, Virginia. The original tree is very large, bears regular and large crops of fruit, which is always fair, of the largest size, keeps well till May; Flesh fine, yellow, juicy and rich, and of the finest flavor; young trees grow very thriftily." — [H. R. Robey, Fredericksburgh, Va.]

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conical, obscurely ribbed, greenish yellow, faintly blushed.

Basin small, shallow, wavy, sometimes furrowed; Eye medium, closed.

Cavity deep, wavy, brown; Stem short, thick.

Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, fine-grained; Flavor acid, spicy, rich; Quality very good; Season, November to March.

As grown in Indiana, both tree and fruit resemble the Newtown Pippin in appearance, and may prove identical after further trial.

— John A. Warder, American Pomology: Apples (1867)

Brooke's Pippin. Large, roundish, slightly conical; greenish yellow, with a faint blush; stalk short and stout; cavity deep, russeted; basin small, shallow, furrowed; flesh crisp, aromatic. November to March. Productive. Maryland and Virginia.

[Additional entry in this volume: "Newtown Pippin.*", pp. 367–367]

Newtown Pippin.* (Pippin, Green Newtown Pippin.) Medium or rather large, roundish, oblique, slightly irregular, remotely conical or else a little flattened; dull green becoming yellowish green, often with a dull brownish blush; stalk short, deep set, and surrounded by thin, dull, whitish russet rays; basin narrow, shallow; flesh greenish white, juicy, crisp, fine-grained, with a high, fine flavor. Keeps through spring, and retains remarkably its freshness. Tree of rather slow growth, with a rough bark. The fruit is very liable to black spots or scabs, unless under high, rich, and constant cultivation. One of the best fruits for foreign markets. A native of Newtown, Long Island. Extensively grown in Virginia and California.

— John J. Thomas, The American Fruit Culturist (1903)

GREEN NEWTOWN AND YELLOW NEWTOWN.

References. 1. Forsyth, 1803:53. 2. Coxe, 1817:142, 143. figs. 3. Thacher, 1822:125. 4. N. Y. Bd. Agr. Mem., 1826:477. 5. Wilson, 1828:136. 6. Ronalds, 1831:33. 7. Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831:22. 8. Kenrick, 1832:45, 55. 9. Floy-Lindley, 1833:37, 40. 10. Downing, 1845:118, 119. fig. 11. Barrett, Horticulturist, 3:240. 1848. 12. Cole, 1849:133. fig. 13. Thomas, 1849:172, 177, 182, 187. fig. 14. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:83. 1851. col. pls. Nos. 23 and 53. 15. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1852. 16. Mag. Hort., 19:171. 1853. 17. Hooper, 1857:64, 102. 18. Elliott, 1858:93, 118, 120. figs. 19. Oberdieck, Ill. Handb. der Obstk., 4:99. 20. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 21. Warder, 1867:637, 649, 711, 720. fig. 22. Regel, 1868:463, 464. 23. Downing, 1872:201. fig. 24. Leroy, 1873:486, 871. figs. 25. Barry, 1883:350, 358. 26. Hogg, 1884:155, 252. 27. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:292, 300. 28. Wickson, 1891:249. 29. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:240, 253. 30. Massey, Rural N. Y., 51:462. 1892. 31. Hicks, Ib., 53:205. 1894. 32. Taylor, U. S. Pom. Bul., 7:358. 1898. 33. Alwood, Va. Sta. Bul., 130:126, 140. 1901. figs. of trees. 34. Eneroth-Smirnoff, 1901:392. 35. Budd-Hansen, 1903:94, 211. figs. 36. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:43, 62. 1903. 37. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:123, 152. 1904. 38. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 56:23, 55, 129, 210, 346. 1905.

Nomenclature. Albemarle (21, 38). Albemarle (36, 38). Albemarle Pippin (13, 18, 33). Albemarle Pippin (30, 32, 35, 37, 38). American Newtown Pippin (9, 10, 18, 23, 24, 26, 38). Back Creek (38). Brooke Pippin (38). Brooke Pippin (20). Brookes Pippin (16, 21). Brooke's Pippin (?23, 38). Green Newton Pippin (2, 3, 4). Green Newtown (27, 35, 36, 37). Green Newtown Pippin (8, 14, 17, 21, 23, 28, 29, probably incorrectly 9). Green Newtown Pippin (10, 13, 18, 24, 25, 26, 37, 38). Green Winter Pippin (10, 18, 23, 24, 26, 38). Hunt's Fine Green Pippin (23, 38). Hunt's Green Newtown Pippin (?23, 38). Large Newtown Pippin (24, 38). Large Yellow Newton Pippin (2). Large Yellow Newton Pippin (26). Large Yellow Newtown Pippin (8, 26, 38). Mountain Pippin (38). Neustadt's Gelber Pepping (19). Newton's Pippin (22). Newton Yellow Pippin (34). Newtown Pippin (1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31). Newtown Pippin (36, 37, 38). New York Greening (38). New York Pippin (38). Petersburgh Pippin (10, 18, 23, 24, 26, 38). Pippin (13). Reinette de New-York (24). Virginia Pippin (38). Yellow Newton's Pippin (22). Yellow Newtown (21, 27, 32, 35, 36, 37). Yellow Newtown Pippin (4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29). Yellow Newtown Pippin (24, 36, 38). Yopp's Favorite (24), but incorrectly.

The Green Newtown and the Yellow Newtown are here discussed together because they are so much alike that it is highly probable that one is but a sport or strain of the other. At this time it is impossible to determine which of the two was the original Newtown Pippin. It is now believed that Albemarle is Yellow Newtown and Brooke Pippin is possibly identical with Green Newtown. In pomological literature the name Newtown Pippin has often been used in such a way that it is uncertain whether the writer had in mind the Yellow Newtown or the Green Newtown, and the correct synonymy cannot be accurately determined in all cases. On this account, the names as given by the different writers are stated in the above nomenclatural list without indicating whether or not they are used correctly except in the case of Leroy (24). Both the Green Newtown and the Yellow Newtown differ markedly in size, color and quality in different locations and their successful cultivation is probably more limited by local conditions than is the case with any other standard commercial variety grown in this state. They are successfully and extensively grown in certain localities in the Hudson valley and along the north shore of Long Island, but usually neither of them is regarded as desirable for commercial planting west of the Hudson valley.

Under favorable conditions the trees come into bearing young and are reliable croppers yielding good crops biennially or sometimes oftener. The fruit hangs well to the tree. It is quite susceptible to the scab and requires thorough treatment to hold this disease in check particularly when grown on heavy clay soils. Unless grown on fertile soils and under good cultivation with insect pests and fungous diseases kept well under control there is often a comparatively high percentage of ill-shaped, uneven and low-grade fruit. Under favorable conditions the fruit grows large or sometimes very large and is fairly uniform in size although somewhat variable in form and coloring. It has a long established reputation in Europe and commands the best prices paid there for American apples. It is firm, keeps very late and ships well. The crop is largely exported. In ordinary storage its commercial season is February to March; in cold storage March to May. The fruit is of the highest quality for dessert and excellent for culinary uses. Cider made from it is very clear and of high quality, and in the early days large quantities of the fruit were used for this purpose.

Historical. The excellent historical account of the Yellow Newtown and the Green Newtown given by Taylor (32) is reproduced here:

The "Newtown Pippin" was the first American apple which attracted attention in Europe. After the receipt of specimens by Franklin while in London in 1759, and the subsequent sending of grafts to Collinson by John Bartram, numerous attempts were made to grow the variety in England. As early as 1768 it was cultivated in the Brompton Park nursery under the name "Newtown Pippin of New York."

It is probable that the large apple exports of 1773 included considerable quantities of the Newtown, for it was at that time quite generally distributed through the apple-growing districts of the Atlantic slope. Thomas Jefferson recorded in his "Garden Book" that in March, 1773, grafts of "Newtown Pippin," received from Mordecai Debnam, at Sandy Point, were "ingrafted by P. Morton," and in March, 1778, he noted that the grafted trees were planted out at Monticello.

Prior to 1803 Forsyth said of the variety in England, "The New-Town Pippin is a fine apple in good season, but seldom ripens with us. It is held in great esteem in America." McMahon, in 1806 included Newtown Pippin in his select list of "Long-keeping apples" and also in a list of "Cyder apples."

Previous to 1817 we have no record that more than one type of the Newtown was recognized, but Coxe, whose work appeared in that year, described as distinct varieties the "Large Yellow Newtown Pippin" and the "Green Newtown Pippin," characterizing the latter as "a variety of the preceding kind." Since the time of Coxe the two types have been recognized as distinct by our leading American pomologists, though fruit growers are by no means unanimous on this point.

The original seedling tree of Newtown Pippin is alleged to have stood near a swamp on the estate of Gershom Moore, in Newtown, Long Island, until about 1805, when it died from excessive cutting of cions and exhaustion. Its origin is credited to the early part of the eighteenth century. It is not clear at this time whether the original tree was of the "green" or the "yellow" type, nor has any record of a distinct origin of the two been discovered.

The Yellow Newtown has for many years been considered the better apple for exportation, however, and in commercial orchards has almost superseded the Green Newtown on account of its larger size, brighter color, and better keeping quality.

Both sorts are exceedingly variable and susceptible to the influence of soil, climate, elevation above sea level, etc. They are successfully grown in but few portions of the apple-producing area of the United States at the present time, the principal localities being the lower portion of the Hudson River valley in New York, the Piedmont and mountain regions of Virginia and North Carolina, and portions of California, Oregon and Washington.

Though first grown in commercial orchards in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, the excellent quality of the fruit from "some of the Patowmack counties of Virginia" was noted as early as the time of Coxe.

In Albemarle county, Va., where it reached a high degree of perfection, it became known as the "Albemarle Pippin" at an early day, and was for many years considered a distinct variety, of local origin, and was so propagated.

An export trade in the fruit from Albemarle county was inaugurated under favorable auspices by a happy circumstance which occurred in the first year of the reign of Queen Victoria. The account below is kindly furnished by Mr. Samuel B. Woods, president of the Virginia Horticultural Society.

The true history of the matter is that in the first year of Queen Victoria's reign Andrew Stevenson, whose home was on a mountain side in Albemarle, was minister to the Court of St. James. He had Albemarle Pippins sent over for his own use and presented the Queen with several barrels. She was delighted with the perfect flavor and excellence of the fruit, and, as a graceful acknowledgment of the courtesy of Mr. Stevenson, removed from Albemarle Pippins a small tax which then existed for the benefit of the Crown on all imported apples. From this time the Albemarle Pippin has grown steadily in favor in the English markets. It is not unusual to see them selling in the wholesale markets at Liverpool for two or three times the price other American apples are bringing. A neighbor last fall sold his entire crop for $10 per barrel, and Mr. Whately, an English gentleman who recently returned from abroad, told me that he saw Albemarle Pippins retailing at 36 cents a pound.

As far back as 1765 there was a tree noted for its fine fruit standing in a mountain hollow on what is now Mr. William Sutherland's land, in the North Garden neighborhood. How this tree came here no one knows, but tradition has it that it was a seedling, and from its stock came all Albemarle Pippins. The other account, and the most authentic one, is that which fixes the earliest introduction at the time of Braddock's defeat. Dr. Thomas Walker, of Castle Hill, Albemarle county, was the commissary officer of the Virginia troops with Braddock, and after the disastrous defeat, when the remnant of the troops went into winter quarters in Philadelphia, he returned home, carrying in his saddle-bags cuttings of apple trees. These were grafted at Castle Hill and became the famous Albemarle Pippin.

These two accounts I find connected in this rather curious way. The land on which the tree in the North Garden neighborhood stood was entered in the land office in 1741 in the name of Mildred Meriwether, in whose lifetime parts of the tract were improved. Mildred Meriwether was the stepdaughter of Dr. Thomas Walker, and what is more natural than that the old tree on her land, supposed to be a seedling, was one of the Walker grafts? There is little doubt that the first appearance of the Albemarle Pippin was at Castle Hill from the grafts brought home from Pennsylvania by Dr. Walker after Braddock's defeat in 1755.

The identity of Albemarle and Yellow Newtown seems to have been recorded first by the late Franklin Davis in a letter from Staunton, Va., which was published in the Horticulturist in 1857. Since that time most pomologists have accepted their identity, ascribing the slight variations which are observable to local soil or climatic conditions. But in the absence of an authentic record of the introduction of Yellow Newtown to Albemarle county, many orchardists in the Piedmont and mountain regions have continued to believe the Albemarle a distinct variety of local origin. Recent investigation by Messrs. H. L. Lyman and Samuel B. Woods, prominent citizens and fruit growers of Charlottesville, Va., have resulted in an apparent clearing up of the historical uncertainty and establishing a clear connection between the supposed original Albemarle tree and the older variety.

[Additional entry in this volume: "Green Newtown and Yellow Newtown", pp. 246–256]

GREEN NEWTOWN AND YELLOW NEWTOWN.

REFERENCES. 1. Forsyth, 1803:53. 2. Coxe, 1817:142, 143. figs. 3. Thacher, 1822:125. 4. N. Y. Bd. Agr. Mem., 1826:477. 5. Wilson, 1828:136. 6. Ronalds, 1831:33. 7. Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831:22. 8. Kenrick, 1832:45, 55. 9. Floy-Lindley, 1833:37, 40. 10. Downing, 1845:118, 119. fig. 11. Barrett, Horticulturist, 3:240. 1848. 12. Cole, 1849:133. fig. 13. Thomas, 1849:172, 177, 182, 187. fig. 14. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:83. 1851. col. pls. Nos. 23 and 53. 15. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1852. 16. Mag. Hort., 19:171. 1853. 17. Hooper, 1857:64, 102. 18. Elliott, 1858:93, 118, 120. figs. 19. Oberdieck, Ill. Handb. der Obstk., 4:99. 20. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 21. Warder, 1867:637, 649, 711, 720. fig. 22. Regel, 1868:463, 464. 23. Downing, 1872:201. fig. 24. Leroy, 1873:486, 871. figs. 25. Barry, 1883:350, 358. 26. Hogg, 1884:155, 252. 27. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:292, 300. 28. Wickson, 1891:249. 29. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:240, 253. 30. Massey, Rural N. Y., 51:462. 1892. 31. Hicks, Ib., 53:205. 1894. 32. Taylor, U. S. Pom. Bul., 7:358. 1898. 33. Atwood, Va. Sta. Bul., 130:126, 140. 1901. figs. of trees. 34. Eneroth-Smirnoff, 1901:392. 35. Budd-Hansen, 1903:94, 211. figs. 36. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:43, 62. 1903. 37. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:123, 152. 1904. 38. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 56:23, 55, 129, 210, 346. 1905.

NOMENCLATURE. ALBEMARLE (21, 38). Albemarle (36, 38). ALBEMARLE PIPPIN (13, 18, 33). Albemarle Pippin (30, 32, 35, 37, 38). American Newtown Pippin (9, 10, 18, 23, 24, 26, 38). Back Creek (38). BROOKE PIPPIN (38). Brooke Pippin (20). BROOKES PIPPIN (16, 21). Brooke's Pippin (?23, 38). GREEN NEWTON PIPPIN (2, 3, 4). GREEN NEWTOWN (27, 35, 36, 37). GREEN NEWTOWN PIPPIN (8, 14, 17, 21, 23, 28, 29, probably incorrectly 9). Green Newtown Pippin (10, 13, 18, 24, 25, 26, 37, 38). Green Winter Pippin (10, 18, 23, 24, 26, 38). Hunt's Fine Green Pippin (23, 38). Hunt's Green Newtown Pippin (?23, 38). Large Newtown Pippin (24, 38). LARGE YELLOW NEWTON PIPPIN (2). Large Yellow Newton Pippin (26). Large Yellow Newtown Pippin (8, 26, 38). Mountain Pippin (38). NEUSTADT'S GELBER PEPPING (19). NEWTON'S PIPPIN (22). NEWTON YELLOW PIPPIN (34). NEWTOWN PIPPIN (1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31). Newtown Pippin (36, 37, 38). New York Greening (38). New York Pippin (38). Petersburgh Pippin (10, 18, 23, 24, 26, 38). Pippin (13). Reinette de New-York (24). Virginia Pippin (38). YELLOW NEWTON'S PIPPIN (22). YELLOW NEWTOWN (21, 27, 32, 35, 36, 37). YELLOW NEWTOWN PIPPIN (4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29). Yellow Newtown Pippin (24, 36, 38). YOPP'S FAVORITE (24), but incorrectly.

The Green Newtown and the Yellow Newtown are here discussed together because they are so much alike that it is highly probable that one is but a sport or strain of the other. At this time it is impossible to determine which of the two was the original Newtown Pippin. It is now believed that Albemarle is Yellow Newtown and Brooke Pippin is possibly identical with Green Newtown. In pomological literature the name Newtown Pippin has often been used in such a way that it is uncertain whether the writer had in mind the Yellow Newtown or the Green Newtown, and the correct synonymy cannot be accurately determined in all cases. On this account, the names as given by the different writers are stated in the above nomenclatural list without indicating whether or not they are used correctly except in the case of Leroy (24). Both the Green Newtown and the Yellow Newtown differ markedly in size, color and quality in different locations and their successful cultivation is probably more limited by local conditions than is the case with any other standard commercial variety grown in this state. They are successfully and extensively grown in certain localities in the Hudson valley and along the north shore of Long Island, but usually neither of them is regarded as desirable for commercial planting west of the Hudson valley.

Under favorable conditions the trees come into bearing young and are reliable croppers yielding good crops biennially or sometimes oftener. The fruit hangs well to the tree. It is quite susceptible to the scab and requires thorough treatment to hold this disease in check particularly when grown on heavy clay soils. Unless grown on fertile soils and under good cultivation with insect pests and fungous diseases kept well under control there is often a comparatively high percentage of ill-shaped, uneven and low-grade fruit. Under favorable conditions the fruit grows large or sometimes very large and is fairly uniform in size although somewhat variable in form and coloring. It has a long established reputation in Europe and commands the best prices paid there for American apples. It is firm, keeps very late and ships well. The crop is largely exported. In ordinary storage its commercial season is February to March; in cold storage March to May. The fruit is of the highest quality for dessert and excellent for culinary uses. Cider made from it is very clear and of high quality, and in the early days large quantities of the fruit were used for this purpose.

Historical. The excellent historical account of the Yellow Newtown and the Green Newtown given by Taylor (32) is reproduced here:

The "Newtown Pippin" was the first American apple which attracted attention in Europe. After the receipt of specimens by Franklin while in London in 1759, and the subsequent sending of grafts to Collinson by John Bartram, numerous attempts were made to grow the variety in England. As early as 1768 it was cultivated in the Brompton Park nursery under the name "Newtown Pippin of New York."* *Hogg, The Apple and Its Varieties, 1869:143. It is probable that the large apple exports of 1773 included considerable quantities of the Newtown, for it was at that time quite generally distributed through the apple-growing districts of the Atlantic slope. Thomas Jefferson recorded in his "Garden Book" that in March, 1773, grafts of "Newtown Pippin," received from Mordecai Debnam, at Sandy Point, were "ingrafted by P. Morton," and in March, 1778, he noted that the grafted trees were planted out at Monticello.

Prior to 1803 Forsyth said of the variety in England,¹ "The New-Town Pippin is a fine apple in good season, but seldom ripens with us. It is held in great esteem in America." McMahon,² in 1806 included Newtown Pippin in his select list of "Long-keeping apples" and also in a list of "Cyder apples." Previous to 1817 we have no record that more than one type of the Newtown was recognized, but Coxe,³ whose work appeared in that year, described as distinct varieties the "Large Yellow Newtown Pippin" and the "Green Newtown Pippin," characterizing the latter as "a variety of the preceding kind." Since the time of Coxe the two types have been recognized as distinct by our leading American pomologists, though fruit growers are by no means unanimous on this point.

The original seedling tree of Newtown Pippin is alleged to have stood near a swamp on the estate of Gershom Moore, in Newtown, Long Island, until about 1805, when it died from excessive cutting of cions and exhaustion. Its origin is credited to the early part of the eighteenth century. It is not clear at this time whether the original tree was of the "green" or the "yellow" type, nor has any record of a distinct origin of the two been discovered.

The Yellow Newtown has for many years been considered the better apple for exportation, however, and in commercial orchards has almost superseded the Green Newtown on account of its larger size, brighter color, and better keeping quality.

Both sorts are exceedingly variable and susceptible to the influence of soil, climate, elevation above sea level, etc. They are successfully grown in but few portions of the apple-producing area of the United States at the present time, the principal localities being the lower portion of the Hudson River valley in New York, the Piedmont and mountain regions of Virginia and North Carolina, and portions of California, Oregon and Washington.

Though first grown in commercial orchards in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, the excellent quality of the fruit from "some of the Patowmack counties of Virginia" was noted as early as the time of Coxe.⁴ In Albemarle county, Va., where it reached a high degree of perfection, it became known as the "Albemarle Pippin" at an early day, and was for many years considered a distinct variety, of local origin, and was so propagated.

An export trade in the fruit from Albemarle county was inaugurated under favorable auspices by a happy circumstance which occurred in the first year of the reign of Queen Victoria. The account below⁵ is kindly furnished by Mr. Samuel B. Woods, president of the Virginia Horticultural Society. ¹Cobbett, A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees, Edition with American Notes, 1803:55. ²McMahon, B., The American Gardener's Calendar, 1806:585. ³Coxe, 1817:142, 143. ⁴Coxe, 1817:143. ⁵Letter of April 30, 1898. The true history of the matter is that in the first year of Queen Victoria's reign Andrew Stevenson, whose home was on a mountain side in Albemarle, was minister to the Court of St. James. He had Albemarle Pippins sent over for his own use and presented the Queen with several barrels. She was delighted with the perfect flavor and excellence of the fruit, and, as a graceful acknowledgment of the courtesy of Mr. Stevenson, removed from Albemarle Pippins a small tax which then existed for the benefit of the Crown on all imported apples. From this time the Albemarle Pippin has grown steadily in favor in the English markets. It is not unusual to see them selling in the wholesale markets at Liverpool for two or three times the price other American apples are bringing. A neighbor last fall sold his entire crop for $10 per barrel, and Mr. Whately, an English gentleman who recently returned from abroad, told me that he saw Albemarle Pippins retailing at 36 cents a pound.

The identity of Albemarle and Yellow Newtown seems to have been recorded first by the late Franklin Davis in a letter from Staunton, Va., which was published in the Horticulturist in 1857.¹ Since that time most pomologists have accepted their identity, ascribing the slight variations which are observable to local soil or climatic conditions. But in the absence of an authentic record of the introduction of Yellow Newtown to Albemarle county, many orchardists in the Piedmont and mountain regions have continued to believe the Albemarle a distinct variety of local origin. Recent investigation by Messrs. H. L. Lyman and Samuel B. Woods,² prominent citizens and fruit growers of Charlottesville, Va., have resulted in an apparent clearing up of the historical uncertainty and establishing a clear connection between the supposed original Albemarle tree and the older variety. ¹Horticulturist, 7:288. 1857. ²Letter of April 30, 1898. As far back as 1765 there was a tree noted for its fine fruit standing in a mountain hollow on what is now Mr. William Sutherland's land, in the North Garden neighborhood. How this tree came here no one knows, but tradition has it that it was a seedling, and from its stock came all Albemarle Pippins. The other account, and the most authentic one, is that which fixes the earliest introduction at the time of Braddock's defeat. Dr. Thomas Walker, of Castle Hill, Albemarle county, was the commissary officer of the Virginia troops with Braddock, and after the disastrous defeat, when the remnant of the troops went into winter quarters in Philadelphia, he returned home, carrying in his saddle-bags cuttings of apple trees. These were grafted at Castle Hill and became the famous Albemarle Pippin. These two accounts I find connected in this rather curious way. The land on which the tree in the North Garden neighborhood stood was entered in the land office in 1741 in the name of Mildred Meriwether, in whose lifetime parts of the tract were improved. Mildred Meriwether was the stepdaughter of Dr. Thomas Walker, and what is more natural than that the old tree on her land, supposed to be a seedling, was one of the Walker grafts? There is little doubt that the first appearance of the Albemarle Pippin was at Castle Hill from the grafts brought home from Pennsylvania by Dr. Walker after Braddock's defeat in 1755.

GREEN NEWTOWN.

TREE. Tree a rather slow grower or moderately vigorous, of medium size or sometimes becoming large. Laterals shorter, twisted, spreading and drooping more than those of the Yellow Newtown. Form spreading or roundish, rather dense. Twigs medium in length and thickness, pubescent near tips; internodes medium to rather long. Bark clear dark brownish-red, lightly streaked with scarf-skin. Lenticels quite numerous, medium or below, somewhat elongated, raised, rather conspicuous. Buds medium, broad, plump, obtuse, free, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT. Fruit medium to very large, pretty uniform in size but rather variable in form and coloring. Form usually roundish oblate and more or less angular. As grown in Southeastern New York it often has an oblique axis and is sometimes decidedly elliptical, but in Western New York the tendency of the fruit

— S.A. Beach, The Apples of New York, Vol. 1 (1905)

Newtown Pippin: size large; form roundish oblate; color yellow, striped or splashed red; quality very good; use family; season winter. Reported in the Northern Division by 1 station (also reported in another division*) and in the Central Division by 10 stations (also reported in another division*). No stations reported in the Southern Division.

— Granville Lowther (ed.), Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture (1914)

NEWTOWN PIPPIN. New York, p. 146. G., Kostliche Reinette von Newtown. (Albermarle, Hampshire Greening.) Dessert, till March, fairly large, 3i by 2J flattened round, fairly regular. Colour, straw yellow. Flesh, very crisp, yellowish-green, of rich pineapple flavour. Eye, closed in a shallow basin. Stem, slender, in a rather deep russet lined cavity. Growth, moderate; fertility, poor in England. Leaf, large, flat, down-curved, coarsely bi-serrate. Originated at Long Island, early in the eighteenth century, and introduced to this country about 1760. This apple does not attain to the same flavour in this country as in America, even under the most favourable conditions. There, is a green variety considered distinct, in which the fruits do not have the rich yellow and faint orange flush of this variety.

— E.A. Bunyard, A Handbook of Hardy Fruits (1920)

Bright yellow with distinct pink blush; richly flavored; firm, crisp, juicy, good quality and one of the very best keepers. One of the last apples on the market in late spring and early summer. Tree is a slow grower and usually a light bearer, but valuable in western apple regions and in a few favored sections of the East and Southeast. It is a great export apple—in England it commands fabulous prices, being a favorite there because of its crispness and brittleness. Albemarle County, Virginia; Hood River, Oregon; and other highly favored localities have become famous for their foreign sales of Newtown. York Imperial, because of the same firm, brittle, crisp qualities, now commands high prices in England, where it is sold as Red Newtown. The Chicago market will pay a higher price for high quality red apples. NC

— Stark Bros. Nurseries & Orchards Co., Stark Bros. Year Book (1910) (1910)

medium size of handsome colour, it forms a fair-sized pyramid but is best grown as an espalier against a wall ... Jan. to May

— James Veitch & Sons, Veitch's Fruit Trees (1911) (1911)